David Ould
The Church of England has released the long-awaited Manchester Report - it's evaluation of what is required to move towards the consecration of women as bishops. At the moment the document is available as a series of word (.doc) files.
The big questions addressed are
seeks to move the debate on from the ‘whether’ to the ‘how’.
12 ...there was a great deal of perplexity over how this could be done in a way which (a) had ecclesiological integrity; (b) left space within the Church of England for those who in conscience could not accept the priestly or episcopal ministry of women; and (c) avoided any flavour of discrimination or half-heartedness on the part of the Church of England towards women priests and bishops.
22 ... far and away the most important question that the Church of England now has to face is the extent to which it wishes to continue to accommodate the breadth of theological views on this issue that it currently encompasses.
The view of the majority of the House of Bishops that admitting women to the episcopate in the Church of England is consonant with the faith of the Church as the Church of England has received it and would be a proper development in proclaiming afresh in this generation the grace and truth of Christ.
50. The three broad approaches are as follows:
- the simplest possible statutory approach with no binding national arrangements;
- legislation that would provide some basis for special arrangements for those unable to receive the ministry of women bishops, such arrangements to be made within the present structures of the Church of England; and
- legislation that would create new structures within the Church of England for those unable to receive the ministry of women bishops.
...
90. [...] we have decided for the sake of simplicity to focus in this analysis on the structural solution that would involve the least innovation (though it would still involve quite a lot) in terms of the present structures of the Church of England. This is the approach that would involve the creation of a number of new, special dioceses, without a separate provincial structure.
100. There are also some question marks arising from the differences between those who have difficulties over women’s ordination for reasons of sacramental theology and those whose position derives from a particular view of headship. For Catholics, issues concerning sacramental assurance and the collegiality of presbyters with their bishop are fundamental. As soon as the Church of England had admitted women to the College of Bishops many of them would find it necessary to be able to look to male bishops who had made it clear that they did not intend to ordain women to the presbyterate or participate in the consecration of women to the episcopate. If special dioceses had been created they would, therefore, petition to be part of it straight away.
101. For many Evangelicals, by contrast, the issues would be rather different. On headship grounds they might not be able to accept a female incumbent or direct oversight by a woman bishop. But, for so long as their incumbent was male, and the bishop providing oversight to them male, they would not necessarily see any compelling need to petition to move from the historic diocese, particularly if the special diocese was seen to have an ecclesial culture far removed from their own reformed convictions. It is perhaps partly for that reason that Conservative Evangelicals have put it to us that it would be crucial for one or more bishops within the new dioceses to be Evangelical. Whether that would in fact be sufficient to make the new structures stable is not entirely clear.
136. For many supporters of women’s ordination the crux of the current dilemma is whether any special arrangements for those who in conscience cannot receive the ministry of women bishops and priests would be tantamount to acknowledging a doubt on the part of the Church of England over the decision to ordain women as priests and bishops.
137. Moreover, since - irrespective of Canon A 4 - mutual recognition of orders has traditionally been one of the hallmarks of a Church, would it be tolerable to contemplate having within the Church of England people who retained doubts about each other’s orders? These have, of course, already been acute questions since 1994 in relation to women priests. They would assume even greater importance in relation to women bishops who would themselves be ordaining men and women to the priesthood.
138. This is undoubtedly one of the most difficult circles to square. Having pondered the matter carefully, we believe that any possible solution needs to incorporate the following elements:
a. A clear statement by the Church of England that, in admitting women into the episcopate, it is now fully committed to opening all orders of ministry to men and women;
b. An acceptance on the part of those who, theologically, cannot receive the ministry of women priests and bishops or those ordained by them that the Church of England has decided to admit men and women equally to holy orders and that those whom the Church has duly ordained and appointed to office are the lawful holders of the office which they occupy and thus deserve due respect and lawful obedience;
c. An acknowledgement by those in favour of women’s ordination that the theological convictions of those unable to receive the ordained ministry of women are within the spectrum of Anglican teaching and tradition and that those who hold them should, therefore, be able to receive pastoral and sacramental care in a way that is consistent with their convictions.
142. A formulation along these lines would go some way, we believe, to dispelling some of the confusion that currently exists in relation to the “validity of orders.” The ecclesiastical law of the Church of England does not admit any distinction between the lawfulness of an ordination and its validity. Thus, an ordination conducted fully in accordance with the various requirements of the Church of England as to matters such as qualifications of the candidate and of the ordaining minister and the rite employed, will take effect for all legal purposes.
143. It is not, therefore, open to any person, whether or not a member of the Church of England, to question the validity of the ordination in legal terms. The fact that some may doubt whether women may, sacramentally, be priests and bishops and/or exercise headship is a separate matter from calling into question whether, as a matter of law, the ordinations are valid.
149. We believe that an essential part of the effort “to maintain the highest degree of communion with those conscientiously unable to receive the ministry of women bishops” is to be accommodating on the subject of the duty and oath of canonical obedience and to provide for two separate duties, and possibly two oaths, one to each of the bishops in respect of that bishop’s functions.
150. We regard this dual allegiance as important both in substance and symbolically, and we recommend that if one of the approaches canvassed in this chapter is adopted, then work should proceed on the formulation of two distinct duties and oaths with consequential amendments to the relevant Canons.
24 ...Full communion and collegiality within the House and College of Bishops has up to now been a central plank in Anglican ecclesiology. The prospect of a House of Bishops where there would no longer be full communion and collegiality between its members does, therefore, raise new and difficult issues.
165. Nevertheless, as will have been clear from this report, the Church of England now faces some very serious decisions. They go to the heart of what sort of Church it wishes to be. Far better that those issues are faced calmly, honestly and prayerfully now than that the Synod should set off down a road which may, ultimately, fail to command sufficient consensus.
21 Comments:
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As someone untrained in the theological and ecclesialogical (sp?) issues pertaining to WO, I can only say that I have a great deal of sympathy for anyone in orders who is confronted with this situation. At first, while doubtful because (for one) the doubts of my beloved C.S. Lewis, I participated in church ceremonies led by women who had attempted to be ordained. Over the years, I have attended many. The problem for me, as a communicant, is, (and I hate to be woo-woo about this, but can’t in this case avoid it) when women officiate, I don’t perceive the presence I perceive otherwise in services led by men who have kept the full faith transmitted to them. I’ve tried, but the difference is palpable. So I reason backwards from my perception and experience to question WO as it were in retrospect (this is in the U.S.). The situation is much more dire when it comes to the issue of bishops, because valid apostolic succession depends upon valid orders. I pray that you will be spared the particular pain of not being free to recognize the orders of another in your communion, but here in the U.S., at least, the rupture is long-since established and we are cast onto stormy seas indeed.
[2] Posted by ears2hear on 04-28-2008 at 10:12 PM
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Destruction and dismemberment, I fear. The advocates of WO are not just committed to defeating their opponents, but to publicly humiliating them as well. They wish to parade them through the streets as captives. Only public recantation will satisfy the egalitarians. So any accommodation to opponents of WO will eventually be undone. The offense to their egalitarian mores will simply be too great to allow the accommodation to stand over time. They want to see their opponents defeated, and they want to see their opponents despair over their defeat. Of course, the defeated opponents will not stay on condition of compromising their consciences. So another chunk of the CoE will be torn off and thrown away. And that will also be just fine with the advocates of WO, and their ever shrinking inclusive church. Sure it would be fun to watch reactionaries forced into submission, but watching them forced out will also have its joys. Schadenfreude can be fun. “Submit, or leave.” That is the Hobson’s choice to be offered. carl
[3] Posted by carl on 04-28-2008 at 11:38 PM
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My initial glance through the report—I’m too busy with work at the moment to study it properly—was that I could live with the proposal of three new dioceses, but not with anything less than that. I would prefer that the church of England return entirely to Biblical doctrine. But you point out some important points concerning the small print, which I missed. Perhaps I would have to think again. But my chief concern was how the Anglo Catholics could accept the idea of separate non-geographical dioceses in general terms (even if the requirement to recognise the lawfulness of invalid ordination is dropped). For the first few generations, it will be far from ideal, but possibly tolerable. But then, people “ordained” by women “Bishops” will be “consecrated” to become Bishops, and even Archbishops themselves (I use the quotation marks speaking from a Catholic point of view). So who is going to consecrate the Bishops in the non-WO dioceses, particularly if there are only three of them in the first place (so if there is a vacancy, there will only be two); and what means will be put in place to ensure true apostolic succession? This, to my mind, is the problem with this proposal. It isn’t enough for a permanent solution. Of course, the liberals will fume at even this much provision, and do all they can to block it; and, if it does get established, to remove it. But, as you said, we should be thankful that the house of Bishops at least are taking our concerns with some level of seriousness.
[4] Posted by Boring Bloke on 04-29-2008 at 03:23 AM
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Isn’t that special! Sort of reminds me of TEC’s rules about WO. You know, the ones that said it was OK for a diocese to ordain women and/or have them serving in parishes? The same rules that magically changed from “permissible” a dozen years to ago to “mandatory” about 2 years ago without any changes to the wording of the rules? Well, one thing’s for certain. Any hope of unity, reconciliation or whatever term you like with Rome is gone. Any hope of an intact AC based on Canterbury as the See is gone. Yeah, I’m aware CoE for the most part (most people in most places) has little regard for or about the AC and none for striving to move to unity with other denominations. Trouble is, the rest of the world does care, and in CoE taking the next step (female bishops on the ground) the “reception and discernment phase” of WO is over. So is an intact Canterbury AC.
[5] Posted by Antique on 04-29-2008 at 07:17 AM
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The question that seems unasked as well as unanswered, is what happens when the day comes in 10 or 15 years, that a female British scientist sees her government grants dry up, enters the ministry, and a few years later is consecrated and then, to satisfy various political constituencies, is enthroned in the See of Canterbury. And given the recent example in the US, don’t pretend it can’t happen. The whole diocesan overlay scheme goes up in smoke. Then there will be dozens of lawsuits, hundreds of inhibitions, deposition of all bishops who oppose the new thing in the CoE, and imposition of a new theology. Well, judging by the current “lab results” in TEC.
[6] Posted by tjmcmahon on 04-29-2008 at 08:59 AM
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As can be gleaned from David’s piece, this is a church-dividing move, and there’s no way around it. It’s bad enough Anglicanism thinks it a virtue to have widespread disunity of belief, but, if there can’t even be a common recognition of clerical orders, it’s hard to see the point in even continuing to have an Anglican Communion, or, perhaps better phrased at this point, the Potemkin Communion. The sad thing is, nobody questions the validity of male priests and bishops, so that path represents unity, whereas the alternative cannot lead to anything but disunity.
[8] Posted by Phil on 04-29-2008 at 09:55 AM
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Phil said “this is a church-dividing move, and there’s no way around it.” Then isn’t it curious that there have only been a few comments to this article?
[9] Posted by tdunbar on 04-29-2008 at 10:27 AM
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tdunbar, yeah - I think the presence of a Gene Robinson thread kind of sucks up all the oxygen.
[10] Posted by Phil on 04-29-2008 at 10:58 AM
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phil: yes, that and other distractions. Don’t you think that’s discouraging?
[11] Posted by tdunbar on 04-29-2008 at 02:12 PM
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As [8] notes, there is no biblical mandate or requirement for this change. We anglicans as a body are willing to embrace hurtful division for unecessary change. What do I find discouraging? When “the 22.5% of bishops, 23.9% of clergy and a whopping 35.6% of laity” who opppose the change ask their ostensibly Christian body this question:
...and the body pursues the unecessary innovation regardless.
[12] Posted by tired on 04-29-2008 at 02:33 PM
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Let’s face it, even if the very best of all possible solutions happens and they create new dioceses, the whole thing is coming apart at some point in the near future.
[13] Posted by Tony Romo on 04-29-2008 at 04:49 PM
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I won’t get into, here, the issues of theology and ecclesiology. Those who have followed the WO discussions here will be familiar with the various points of view.
Instead, I’d draw the reader’s attention to just how familiar this all sounds. First we start with a “study group”, then we talk about “how, not whether” and make a big deal about respecting and making space for “all points of view”. Anyone want to guess the next steps? Here they are:
Sound familiar? It should. That’s exactly the process of W.O. which has more or less finished running its course in PEcUSA… and which is in the process of moving towards its conclusion in the homosexualist heresy. Of course, being English, the CoE will be somewhat more “polite” (at least in public) and non-confrontational about it. But it’ll be the same dynamic. So those conservatives who will be busy wondering about how to avoid the conversention-ending brain-freezing rhetorical accusations of being “intolerant” or “uninclusive” or “misogynist”—and all the while come up with all sorts of creative ways to bend over backwards without compromising (or, more likely, merely seeming to compromise) traditional teaching and practice on the issue—should be warned. Because, as in PEcUSA with both WO and homosexualism, this will accomplish nothing but to help pass the time as any remaining place for orthodox believers who maintain the “catholic and apostolic faith” dwindles away to nothing.
pax,
[14] Posted by LP on 04-29-2008 at 06:53 PM
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LP, my understanding is that there are more Roman Catholics than Anglicans in England on any given Sunday, and the most popular name of newborns in Enland right now is “Muhammad”. Why worry? The whole shell game will become quite irrelevent in another two generations or so.
[15] Posted by AndrewA on 04-29-2008 at 07:01 PM
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Make that “attending church in England on any given Sunday”
[16] Posted by AndrewA on 04-29-2008 at 07:01 PM
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The whole “diocese as denomination” strategy, what’s the point? Or rather, in what does the union/communion consist other than as a label for the collection of disjointed parts?
[17] Posted by tdunbar on 04-29-2008 at 08:03 PM
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I wish I could disagree with LP. But I almost never do--spot on. I give it 20 years before Anglo-Catholicism is on the ropes in the Church of England.
[18] Posted by Andrewesman on 04-29-2008 at 08:09 PM
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The C of E has been on the ropes far longer than even when they first claim to have ordained a woman as a deacon. Hoping for some resolution at this time that will allow dissenters some level of safety is like hoping that water in the lowest levels won’t rise any further and the Titanic will make it to New York. At least in the 19th Century the Church Association fought against innovations in the C of E in the courts, but even they were unable to stem the tide. As the lyric of a pop song went in the ‘70s “It’s too late baby, it’s too late.” In for a penny, in for a pound!
[19] Posted by RMBruton on 04-30-2008 at 04:35 PM
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Let us remember: the Roman Catholic Church has attempted to pull the Church of England back from the brink of theological/ecclesial disaster in Cardinal Kasper’s faithful report to the C of E on this matter. For your reading enjoyment, here’s the link:
[20] Posted by Terwilliger+ on 05-06-2008 at 10:44 AM
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Have any of you ever attempted to reason with a chronic alchoholic or someone on crack? For those who aspired to re-union with Rome, this would be just another nail in the coffin-lid to that prospect. For those of us who are classical evangelicals it’s like witnessing your family break apart and having your mother come home and declare that after many years of marriage and with children still at home that she is now a lesbian and her new partner would be coming to live with you and your siblings, while your father has just been given the boot. We’ll be just that much closer to the time of which Bishop J. C. Ryle foretold that precede us finally having to leave the C of E. One could take the slightly cynical view expressed many years ago when Archbishop Joseph Raya of the Catholic Melkite Church had been asked what would happen when they ordain women, to which he replied “nothing”. In other words they could never be ordained.
[21] Posted by RMBruton on 05-06-2008 at 04:44 PM
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I guess the first thing that I should add is gratitude that the CofE are taking their time over this matter and having a proper debate. So much better than the recent moves in Australia.